Sed学习笔记 - oyaji's Blog

Sed学习笔记

oyaji posted @ 2011年2月11日 04:10 in ubuntu with tags sed , 1976 阅读

 

作者:Jims of 肥肥世家

发布时间:2004年09月20日

最近更新:2005年12月22日,增加小技巧章节。


1. Sed简介

sed 是一种在线编辑器,它一次处理一行内容。处理时,把当前处理的行存储在临时缓冲区中,称为“模式空间”(pattern space),接着用sed命令处理缓冲区中的内容,处理完成后,把缓冲区的内容送往屏幕。接着处理下一行,这样不断重复,直到文件末尾。文件内容并没有 改变,除非你使用重定向存储输出。Sed主要用来自动编辑一个或多个文件;简化对文件的反复操作;编写转换程序等。以下介绍的是Gnu版本的Sed 3.02。

2. 定址

可以通过定址来定位你所希望编辑的行,该地址用数字构成,用逗号分隔的两个行数表示以这两行为起止的行的范围(包括行数表示的那两行)。如1,3表示1,2,3行,美元符号($)表示最后一行。范围可以通过数据,正则表达式或者二者结合的方式确定 。

3. Sed命令

调用sed命令有两种形式:

  • sed [options] 'command' file(s)

  • sed [options] -f scriptfile file(s)

 

a\

在当前行后面加入一行文本。

b lable

分支到脚本中带有标记的地方,如果分支不存在则分支到脚本的末尾。

c\

用新的文本改变本行的文本。

d

从模板块(Pattern space)位置删除行。

D

删除模板块的第一行。

i\

在当前行上面插入文本。

h

拷贝模板块的内容到内存中的缓冲区。

H

追加模板块的内容到内存中的缓冲区

g

获得内存缓冲区的内容,并替代当前模板块中的文本。

G

获得内存缓冲区的内容,并追加到当前模板块文本的后面。

l

列表不能打印字符的清单。

n

读取下一个输入行,用下一个命令处理新的行而不是用第一个命令。

N

追加下一个输入行到模板块后面并在二者间嵌入一个新行,改变当前行号码。

p

打印模板块的行。

P(大写)

打印模板块的第一行。

q

退出Sed。

r file

从file中读行。

t label

if分支,从最后一行开始,条件一旦满足或者T,t命令,将导致分支到带有标号的命令处,或者到脚本的末尾。

T label

错误分支,从最后一行开始,一旦发生错误或者T,t命令,将导致分支到带有标号的命令处,或者到脚本的末尾。

w file

写并追加模板块到file末尾。

W file

写并追加模板块的第一行到file末尾。

!

表示后面的命令对所有没有被选定的行发生作用。

s/re/string

用string替换正则表达式re。

=

打印当前行号码。

#

把注释扩展到下一个换行符以前。

以下的是替换标记
  • g表示行内全面替换。

  • p表示打印行。

  • w表示把行写入一个文件。

  • x表示互换模板块中的文本和缓冲区中的文本。

  • y表示把一个字符翻译为另外的字符(但是不用于正则表达式)

4. 选项

-e command, --expression=command

允许多台编辑。

-h, --help

打印帮助,并显示bug列表的地址。

-n, --quiet, --silent

取消默认输出。

-f, --filer=script-file

引导sed脚本文件名。

-V, --version

打印版本和版权信息。

5. 元字符集

^

锚定行的开始 如:/^sed/匹配所有以sed开头的行。

$

锚定行的结束 如:/sed$/匹配所有以sed结尾的行。

.

匹配一个非换行符的字符 如:/s.d/匹配s后接一个任意字符,然后是d。

*

匹配零或多个字符 如:/*sed/匹配所有模板是一个或多个空格后紧跟sed的行。

[]

匹配一个指定范围内的字符,如/[Ss]ed/匹配sed和Sed。

[^]

匹配一个不在指定范围内的字符,如:/[^A-RT-Z]ed/匹配不包含A-R和T-Z的一个字母开头,紧跟ed的行。

\(..\)

保存匹配的字符,如s/\(love\)able/\1rs,loveable被替换成lovers。

&

保存搜索字符用来替换其他字符,如s/love/**&**/,love这成**love**。

\<

锚定单词的开始,如:/\<love/匹配包含以love开头的单词的行。

\>

锚定单词的结束,如/love\>/匹配包含以love结尾的单词的行。

x\{m\}

重复字符x,m次,如:/0\{5\}/匹配包含5个o的行。

x\{m,\}

重复字符x,至少m次,如:/o\{5,\}/匹配至少有5个o的行。

x\{m,n\}

重复字符x,至少m次,不多于n次,如:/o\{5,10\}/匹配5--10个o的行。

6. 实例

删除:d命令
  • $ sed '2d' example-----删除example文件的第二行。

  • $ sed '2,$d' example-----删除example文件的第二行到末尾所有行。

  • $ sed '$d' example-----删除example文件的最后一行。

  • $ sed '/test/'d example-----删除example文件所有包含test的行。

替换:s命令
  • $ sed 's/test/mytest/g' example-----在整行范围内把test替换为mytest。如果没有g标记,则只有每行第一个匹配的test被替换成mytest。

  • $ sed -n 's/^test/mytest/p' example-----(-n)选项和p标志一起使用表示只打印那些发生替换的行。也就是说,如果某一行开头的test被替换成mytest,就打印它。

  • $ sed 's/^192.168.0.1/&localhost/' example-----&符号表示替换换字符串中被找到的部份。所有以192.168.0.1开头的行都会被替换成它自已加 localhost,变成192.168.0.1localhost。

  • $ sed -n 's/\(love\)able/\1rs/p' example-----love被标记为1,所有loveable会被替换成lovers,而且替换的行会被打印出来。

  • $ sed 's#10#100#g' example-----不论什么字符,紧跟着s命令的都被认为是新的分隔符,所以,“#”在这里是分隔符,代替了默认的“/”分隔符。表示把所有10替换成100。

选定行的范围:逗号
  • $ sed -n '/test/,/check/p' example-----所有在模板test和check所确定的范围内的行都被打印。

  • $ sed -n '5,/^test/p' example-----打印从第五行开始到第一个包含以test开始的行之间的所有行。

  • $ sed '/test/,/check/s/$/sed test/' example-----对于模板test和west之间的行,每行的末尾用字符串sed test替换。

多点编辑:e命令
  • $ sed -e '1,5d' -e 's/test/check/' example-----(-e)选项允许在同一行里执行多条命令。如例子所示,第一条命令删除1至5行,第二条命令用check替换test。命令的执 行顺序对结果有影响。如果两个命令都是替换命令,那么第一个替换命令将影响第二个替换命令的结果。

  • $ sed --expression='s/test/check/' --expression='/love/d' example-----一个比-e更好的命令是--expression。它能给sed表达式赋值。

从文件读入:r命令
  • $ sed '/test/r file' example-----file里的内容被读进来,显示在与test匹配的行后面,如果匹配多行,则file的内容将显示在所有匹配行的下面。

写入文件:w命令
  • $ sed -n '/test/w file' example-----在example中所有包含test的行都被写入file里。

追加命令:a命令
  • $ sed '/^test/a\\--->this is a example' example<-----'this is a example'被追加到以test开头的行后面,sed要求命令a后面有一个反斜杠。

插入:i命令

$ sed '/test/i\\

new line

-------------------------' example

如果test被匹配,则把反斜杠后面的文本插入到匹配行的前面。

下一个:n命令
  • $ sed '/test/{ n; s/aa/bb/; }' example-----如果test被匹配,则移动到匹配行的下一行,替换这一行的aa,变为bb,并打印该行,然后继续。

变形:y命令
  • $ sed '1,10y/abcde/ABCDE/' example-----把1--10行内所有abcde转变为大写,注意,正则表达式元字符不能使用这个命令。

退出:q命令
  • $ sed '10q' example-----打印完第10行后,退出sed。

保持和获取:h命令和G命令
  • $ sed -e '/test/h' -e '$G example-----在sed处理文件的时候,每一行都被保存在一个叫模式空间的临时缓冲区中,除非行被删除或者输出被取消,否则所有被处理的行都将 打印在屏幕上。接着模式空间被清空,并存入新的一行等待处理。在这个例子里,匹配test的行被找到后,将存入模式空间,h命令将其复制并存入一个称为保 持缓存区的特殊缓冲区内。第二条语句的意思是,当到达最后一行后,G命令取出保持缓冲区的行,然后把它放回模式空间中,且追加到现在已经存在于模式空间中 的行的末尾。在这个例子中就是追加到最后一行。简单来说,任何包含test的行都被复制并追加到该文件的末尾。

保持和互换:h命令和x命令
  • $ sed -e '/test/h' -e '/check/x' example -----互换模式空间和保持缓冲区的内容。也就是把包含test与check的行互换。

7. 脚本

Sed脚本是一个sed的命令清单,启动Sed时以-f选项引导脚本文件名。Sed对于脚本中输入的命令非常挑剔,在命令的末尾不能有任何空白或文本,如果在一行中有多个命令,要用分号分隔。以#开头的行为注释行,且不能跨行。

8. 小技巧

  • 在sed的命令行中引用shell变量时要使用双引号,而不是通常所用的单引号。下面是一个根据name变量的内容来删除named.conf文件中zone段的脚本:

    name='zone\ "localhost"'
    sed "/$name/,/};/d" named.conf
" named.conf

 

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2023年12月17日 20:55

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2023年12月17日 21:00

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2023年12月17日 21:59

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2023年12月17日 22:12

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2024年1月21日 17:48

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2024年1月21日 21:12

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2024年1月22日 15:42

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2024年1月22日 16:20

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2024年1月26日 16:37

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2024年1月29日 15:50

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2024年6月03日 18:36

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2024年6月08日 12:36

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